50 Must-Read Literary Biographies

50 Must-Read Literary Biographies I live vicariously through the lives and stories of the writers I love and admire. Sometimes I read biographies of authors whose lives parallel aspects of my own; small lives that eventually produce great art. Lives like Jane Austen and Emily Dickinson, or Penelope Fitzgerald who didnt write her first book until she was 58. I like to read biographies that share a commonality with my own life, but like the best fiction, Id rather be transported to worlds with characters that are larger than life.  Lives that are tumultuous, scandal-ridden, and full of perils. Lives that are exciting and rich and full of conflict. Lives that produce stories like Native Son, The Bell Jar, Lolita, A Rage in Harlem, or Frankenstein. I also like to read about the lives of the authors of some of my favorite booksâ€"Iris Murdoch and The Sea, The Sea, Philip K. Dick and A Scanner Darkly, Mary Shelley and Frankenstein, Penelope Fitzgerald and The Blue Flowerâ€"but this can be a perilous exercise. Some authors were pretty terrible people, which can ruin your perception of their writing. But like most of us, artists and writers lived lives rife with nuance, and through even-handed, well-researched biographies, readers can take a peek into the minds that have created some of the stories we love. 50 Must-Read Literary Biographies The Peabody Sisters: Three Women Who Ignited American Romanticism by Megan Marshall The supposed American Brontës, the three Peabody sisters influenced the thinking of writers like Thoreau and Hawthorne. The youngest sister, Sophia, married Nathaniel Hawthorne. Margaret Fuller: A New American Life by Megan Marshall After you finish the story of the Peabody sisters and are searching for more stories about American Romanticism and the role women played in the literary scene at the time, pick up Megan Marshalls other book, about Margaret Fuller. The Silent Woman: Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes  by Janet Malcolm This is a biography of the biographies that have been written about Sylvia Plath. It tries to correct the myth surrounding Plath and Ted Hughes. Romantic Outlaws: The Extraordinary Lives of Mary Wollstonecraft and Her Daughter Mary Shelley by Charlotte Gordon Mary Wollstonecraft died a week after giving birth to Mary Shelley, but in many ways, despite not knowing each other, their lives were very alike. A wonderful book about the mother who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women  and the daughter who wrote Frankenstein. Neruda: The Poets Calling by Mark Eisner A Biography of the Chilean poet Pablo Neruda: In this part of the story I am the one who Dies, the only one, and I will die of love because I love you, Because I love you, Love, in fire and blood. â€"from Pablo Nerudas I Do Not Love You Except Because I Love You Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom by David W. Blight This is the most recent biography of Frederick Douglass. Its a wonderfully rendered story of a complex and brilliant man who greatly influenced American history. Edens Outcasts: The Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Father by John Matteson Im not a huge fan of Little Womenâ€"I find Louisa May Alcotts life much more interesting than her writing. Genet: A Biography of Janet Flanner by Brenda Wineapple Genet is the pen name for Janet Flanner, a woman who fled her home in Indianapolis at 30 to live with her girlfriend in Paris in the 1920s. While in Paris, she became a correspondent for the New Yorker. Warrior Poet: A Biography of Audre Lorde by Alexis De Veaux Audre Lorde did not live a quiet life, and this biography relishes in the myth and power of Lorde as an early black lesbian feminist. Vera (Mrs. Vladimir Nabokov) by Stacy Schiff What was it like to be married to the author of Lolita? The story of Vera and Vladimir Nabokov was a love story that spanned 52 years. Stacy Schiff, if youve never read any of her other biographies, is a master. Lyrics of Sunshine and Shadow: The Tragic Courtship and Marriage of Paul Laurence Dunbar and Alice Ruth Moore by Eleanor Alexander This has all the bad: racism, sexism, abuse, sexual assaultâ€"so I warned you! Its a hard story. I hesitate to call it a romanceâ€"maybe there was love, but the relationship between Dunbar and Moore was definitely not stable. This is a relatively short biography, but it certainly packs a punch! The Blue Hour: A Life of Jean Rhys by Lilian Pizzichini Ive always been hesitant to read Jean Rhyss most famous book,  Wide Sargasso Sea, because Ive always loved Jane Eyre. But recently I picked up Jane Eyre for a reread and I thought, God, Rochester is an ass. Maybe its time for Wide Sargasso Sea. Chester B. Himes: A Biography by Lawrence P. Jackson Chester B. Himes is probably most famous for his crime noir series the Harlem Cycle, which starts with A Rage in Harlem. Himes was arrested for armed robbery and spent almost ten years in prison, but while in prison his articles were featured in publications like Esquire. Plagued by racism in America, Himes moved to Paris where he became famous for his Harlem series. Mary Shelley by Miranda Seymour Mary Shelley was the daughter of the feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, and wife to the poet Percy Shelley, who drowned when she was only 24. The idea for Frankenstein was born on a stormy night as a group of writers were telling scary stories. James Baldwin: A Biography by David A. Leeming David Leeming was friends with Baldwin for 25 years before writing his biography. This is a wonderful glimpse into the life of one of the preeminent voices of African American literature in the world. Born to be Posthumous: The Eccentric Life and Mysterious Genius of Edward Gorey by Mark Dery A man who created creepy comics and lived with a horde of cats and thousands of books automatically sounds sounds like the kind of person whose biography I want to read. Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy by Carolyn Burke Both a poet and visual artist, Mina Loy moved in the most influential circles of her time. She bumped shoulders with Gertrude Stein, Man Ray, and Marcel Duchampâ€"to name a few. Rebecca West: A Life by Victoria Glendinning A great selling point for a biography is when the subject is described as a sexual rebel. Im also a sucker for a story about a dysfunctional English family, which Rebecca West famously wrote with The Fountain Overflows. The Brontë Myth by Lucasta Miller Okay, Id rather read about the Wollstonecrafts/Shelleys, or the Peabodys, because I think the Brontës are a bit overrated…but like the Plath biography, which was a biography of her biographies, this book tries to demystify the myth that surrounds the Brontës. Anaïs Nin: A Biography by Deirdre Bair Best known for her sexual exploits, diaries, and relationships with leading intellectuals of her time, Anaïs Nin was more than the sum total of her famous idiosyncrasies. Simone de Beauvoir: A Biography by Deirdre Bair A biography collected from conversations with de Beauvoir, whos best known for her philosophical writing on existentialism and her relationship with Jean Paul Sartre. Virginia Woolf by Hermione Lee A well balanced biography about a woman whose life is as well known as her books; still, youll find some tidbits in this biography that youve probably never known, and might come to see Woolf in a new lightâ€"for better or worse. Hermione Lee is a master biographer. Why This World: A Biography of Clarice Lispector A writer whose work has seen a resurgence in recent yearsâ€"Clarice Lispector was born in postâ€"War World I Ukraine, and emigrated to Brazil in her early years. Her writing and life is steeped in mysticism. Jane Crow: The Life of Pauli Murray by Rosalind Rosenberg Its hard to find biographies about black female writers. Especially writers from the 20th and 19th centuries. Jane Crow was a lawyer, writer, and civil rights crusader. Shes an example of a woman we should know more about. Flannery: A Life of Flannery OConnor by Brad Gooch I wish there were more biographies about Flannery OConnor, the master of the short story. This is a good biography, but I want more. How to Live: A Life of Montaigne in One Question and Twenty Attempts at An Answer by Sarah Bakewell Four hundred years ago Montaigne wrote The Essays, where he tried to answer the universal question: How to live? This biography explores his questions and answers in a historical context. Ralph Ellison: A Biography by Arnold Rampersand A wonderfully in-depth story of Ralph Ellisons life. He was born in 1913 in the south and moved to New York City in 1936. He had a grandiose personality that was sometimes at odds with other writers and politically active intellectuals of his time. A Life of Langston Hughes: Volume I: 1902â€"1941, I, Too, Sing America by Arnold Rampersad Langston Hughess life is told in three volumes. The first relates Hughess early years as he traveled the world. Edith Wharton by Hermione Lee I own this book. Its HUGE. I bought it after reading Edna St. Vincent Millays biography in which it is mentioned that Edith Wharton was in Paris at the same time as Millay. But while Millay struggled at times with finances, Wharton was born to privilege. Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston by Valerie Boyd In high school we had to choose a book from a list of 100 American classics to read every month. Their Eyes Were Watching God was the best book I read from that list. Zora Neale Hurstons life was fascinating. I Am Alive and You Are Dead: A Journey into the Mind of Philip K. Dick by Emmanuel Carrère A Scanner Darkly is a favorite book. A life as strange as the stories he wrote: It is sometimes an appropriate response to reality to go insane. Richard Wright: The Life and Times by Hazel Rowley This powerful story about the author of Native Son weaves Wrights own writing and quotations into the biography. The Life of Emily Dickinson by Richard B. Sewall There are a lot of biographies of Emily Dickinson, but this is my choice. Penelope Fitzgerald: A Life by Hermione Lee Penelope Fitzgerald was nearly 60 before publishing her first book, which makes me love her. Shes best known for writing The Blue Flower, The Bookshop, and Offshore. Katherine Anne Porter: The Life of an Artist by Darlene Harbour Unrue Pale Horse, Pale Rider is one of my favorite short stories. A woman is in bed with a fever during the influenza epidemic, and in her fever she remembers her childhood, and worries about her fiancé who is a soldier fighting in the first world war. The author, Katherine Anne Porter, lived a life that was no less compelling. Zelda by Nancy Milford A woman driven mad by her husbands lecherous appropriation of her personality and writing. Confession: Im not a huge fan of F. Scott Fitzgerald, so it doesnt pain me to discover he was a jerk. Iris Murdoch: A Life by Peter J. Conradi The Sea, The Sea is one of my favorite books. Charles Arrowby is absurd, frustrating, and totally realized as a man coming to the end of his life, but fighting like hell to delay the breakdown into old age. Iris Murdoch at first imagined herself to be the next George Eliot, but ended up embracing Dostoevskys influence. Poet of the Appetites: The Lives and Loves of M.F.K. Fisher by Joan Reardon Fisher wrote extensively about her own life in memoirs like The Gastronomical Me and  How to Cook a Wolf, in which she writes about food and its relationship with life and love. Alice Walker: A Life by Evelyn C. White Alice Walker was the first black woman to win a Pulitzer Prize for her novel The Color Purple. This might be the only biography on the list whose subject is still alive, which brings a new dynamic to the biography. Shirley Jackson: A Rather Haunted Life by Ruth Franklin Your life cant be all rainbows and unicorns if youre writing stories like The Haunting of Hill House and We Have Always Lived in the Castle.   This is a biography about the woman, the books, and the times in which they existed. The Banished Immortal: A Life of Li Bai by Ha Jin Li Bai was a Chinese poet who lived a long, long time ago, but whose work and legacy is still greatly revered today in China. Savage Beauty: The Life of Edna St. Vincent Millay by Nancy Milford My favorite literary biography. Edna St. Vincent Millay was fashioned as a modern Sappho, and a holdover of Victorian era poets like Elizabeth Barrett Browning. But despite her writing style, her personal life was very modern. Gellhorn: A Twentieth-Century Life by Caroline Moorehead The life of the illustrious war correspondent Martha Gellhorn who reported from the frontlines of most of the biggest wars of the 20th century. A fascinating figure. Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical Life of Lorraine Hansberry by Imani Perry Best known for her play  A Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine Hansberry counted James Baldwin and Nina Simone as friends. She was a prominent voice in the civil rights movement, she joined one of the first lesbian organizations, and challenged JFK to take a wider stance on civil rights. Why dont we hear more about Lorraine Hansberry more? She died at 34. Borges: A Life by Edwin Williamson To read his books and short stories, it would be easy to imagine that Borgess life could be stranger than fiction. But this biography focuses on the human side of Borges and brings new light to his work and thinking. Ida: A Sword Among Lions by Paula Giddings Ida B. Wells was an African American reporter who investigated and fought to end lynching in the south. This is the story of a brilliant and fearless reporter, and an indictment against the United States. Prairie Fires: The American Dreams of Laura Ingalls Wilder by Caroline Fraser Ive never read Little House on the Prairie. I prefer reading about the rocky life story of the author behind the books. The Collected Autobiographies of Maya Angelou by Maya Angelou Yes, an autobiography. I included it because I dont think anyone should try to retell Maya Angelous story. Her telling, and poetry, should be the last word. The Invention of Angela Carter: A Biography by Edmund Gordon A biography about the author of the morbid and gothic fairytales like The Bloody Chamber and gothic novels like The Magic Toyshop. My Soul Looks Back by Jessica B. Harris Jessica B. Harris writes about her early life in New York City when she moved in social circles that included James Baldwin, Toni Morrison, and Maya Angelou. A vibrant city, full of vibrant people. Harriet Jacobs: A Life by Jean Fagan Yellin Harriet Jacobs wrote the memoir Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, which became the most well-read slave narrative written by a woman. Jean Fagan Yellin expands on Harriet Jacobs life, and the world into which she escaped. Need more? Check out these articles too: 7 Great New Literary Biographies for Your TBR 50 Must- Read Biographies

Domestic Violence During The United States - 830 Words

Before reading the first two parts of Til Death Do Us Part I knew that domestic violence was a growing issue in the United states, but it was a surprise to find out that the state that we live in for more than fifteen has been place in the top ten nationally in the rate of women murder by men (Pardue, Smith, Hawes, Hauff, 2014). The first part gave the statics on how many victims were turned away in 2012-2013 from shelters around South Carolina which was a total of 380. The reason why this was done because there was no rom they said (Pardue et al., 2014). Since this information was taken there should have a increase in the number of shelters in South Carolina, but there is only 18 domestic violence shelters. There is about 36,000 incidents of domestic abuse in our state. That number is shocking, many people wouldn t have thought that there were that many incident. The national statistics on domestic violence given by the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence states: †¢On average, nearly 20 people per minute are physically abused by an intimate partner in the United States. During one year, this equates to more than 10 million women and men. †¢1 in 3 women and 1 in 4 men have been victims of [some form of] physical violence by an intimate partner within their lifetime. †¢1 in 5 women and 1 in 7 men have been victims of severe physical violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime. †¢1 in 7 women and 1 in 18 men have been stalked by an intimate partner duringShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence During The United States1174 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen recorded that approximately â€Å"2,000,000 injuries, and 1,300 deaths are caused each year as a result of domestic violence† (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). This harm to and loss of life is due to the negligence of all Americans, in regards to the monitoring and managing of domestic violence in the United States. In order to combat the blatant disregard for domestic violence victims, Americans must support, aid, and assist those who fall victim to this crime, as well as educate thoseRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women During The United States1924 Words   |  8 PagesDomestic Violence Against Women in the United States Taking a look into America’s work industry, society’s values reflect the meaning of domestic violence. In order to gain an understanding of how societies function, many professionals have observed various factors that contribute to the way societies work and the specific explanations of social problems, such as domestic violence. Domestic violence and emotional abuse are behaviors used by one person to control the other. Victims can be of anyRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On The United States930 Words   |  4 Pagesthroughout the United States. Even though this abuse is evident in all states, some states, such as Kentucky, experiences higher rates of wife abuse than others. As I attempt to uncover an explanation for the high rates of wife abuse in Kentucky, I will discuss wife, or spousal, abuse in Kentucky and across the United States, the various programs offered to battered women in Kentucky, and how cell phones have both positive and negative effects for the victims of abuse. Although Domestic Violence is aRead MoreThe Three Stages Of Violence1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe three stages of violence. According to the article, The Cycle of Domestic violence, there are three stages of violence. They are defined as the tension-building stage, the explosive stage, and the honeymoon stage (Domestic Violence Roundtable, 2008). The tension-building stage. The first stage, is the tension-building stage. This stage is known by a time of extreme stress and tension. During this time, the batterer (or abuser) may become overly agitated, and begin acting aggressively. It isRead MoreKnowing Our History Is Vital To Pursuing Our Future. Our1245 Words   |  5 Pagesfuture. Our history needs to be our guide in making the changes necessary to end the violence. Violence against women has been sanctioned throughout history. We need to know the struggles of those who came before us. By knowing our history we honor their spirits, we keep the flame of justice alive and it brings us to the stark reality that we have much work still to do. History of the Battered Women’s Movement 753 BC During the reign of Romulus in Rome, wife beating is accepted and condoned under The LawsRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Society1491 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic violence is a very important discussion subject, because it touches all levels of society, and it is widely spreading across a multitude of social groups. This social issue at present appears in different levels of society, and cannot be ignored by social institutions and people. The issue of domestic violence cannot be avoided because of the unfortunately high rate of abusive behavior, and more and more people being affected by abuse every day. People and social institutions cannot closeRead MoreDomestic Violence in The Color Purple by Alice Walker Essay1274 Words   |  6 Pagesformer ages. Domestic Violence is a critical issue which negatively impacts women in the world today. The novel The Color Purple deals with the narrator Celie, a black woman uneducated and poor, who gets physically abused by both he r so called father and husband. Throughout the novel, it is shown how a powerless woman rises and stands up for herself after years of being mistreated. Over 85% of women experience or go through a domestic violence through friends or family. Domestic Violence has sadly playedRead MoreDefinition Of Violence Against Women Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesOrganization, The United Nations defines violence against women as any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life (WHO Fact Sheet, 2016, para. 1).† There are many terms used to describe violence. The term domestic violence usually refers to interpersonal violence in a domestic setting such asRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Abuse1478 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review Background of Study ​Anger and violence happen at every level in the family, which ultimately destroys the family life, and it happens with couples, parents, children and also siblings. However, females have primarily been the target of violence (Payne Wermeling, 2009). Domestic abuse is often recurring and it signifies that one partner in the relationship threatens the other psychologically, economically and sexually by harming them physically or threatening to harm themRead More Violence Against Women Act of 1994 Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesFor centuries domestic violence has been perceived as a private matter private of which the government has not been concerned about nor was it considered the government’s business to intervene on behalf of a battered spouse. The unlawful nature of this failure for state or federal government intervention against this crime contributed to the systematic abuse of women in the family. The traditions, customs, and common law found in both British an d American societies continued right up until the last

The Mass Media and Foreign Policy Essay - 449 Words

The mass media has become a very significant player in the politics of US foreign policy. There are two major reasons for this. First Americans society and the global environment have grown in complexity and in importance in affecting the lives of Americans; people have developed a greater need for information about national and international affairs. Second during the 20th century a media revolution occurred that makes it possible for the mass media to rapidly communicate information anywhere on the planet. The result of this is much of the information, knowledge, and images that individuals have of the world, come from the mass media A Walter Lippman a famous broadcaster and journalist talked about the effect the media and government†¦show more content†¦Many people hold strong opinions about the role of the mass media and the news. There are three different perspectives about their roles and not one single view predominates. The first perspective is conservatives believe there is a liberal bias in the media. Liberals implement an agenda and try to influence people into believe liberal mantra. The second is that liberals tend to argue that media upholds, maintain and mobilizes government opinion. The media is wholly captive of the government and business elite. The media is wholly captive of the government and business elite. The third perspective is the relationship is even and this is being overblown. The two institutions want to give news how exists, and an attempt to mirror reality, reporting events and facts as they exist. There is a lot of debate on the relationship between the news media and the foreign policy decision making process and how the effect of the former might have on the latter. Two theories have originated to explain this process they are the CNN EFFECT and the manufacturing consent thesis. These theories are in conflict because the direct impact of media influence is still not known. On the one hand you have the CNN effect which says that the media has the capability of shaping the governments policy agenda. It is the elite decision makers loss of policy control to news media. The CNN effect impels a governmentShow MoreRelated The Role of Business in Foreign Policy Essay1651 Words   |  7 Pagesbusiness-related interests have played a predominant role in influencing foreign policy. Foreign policy determines how America conducts its relations with other countries. It is designed to further certain goals such as security and trade. More importantly foreign policy seeks to ensure America’s security and defense and its ability to protect America’s national interests around the world. National interests that shape foreign policy covers a wide range of political, economic, military, ideological, andRead MoreEssay on Effects of Mass Media on Society1650 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluenced by mass media. Although traditional television watching and newspaper reading are no longer as popular as before, people spend more time in front of computers listening to music and radios, reading news and information, interacting with other people in social network and watching television programmes and films. The developing technology of mobile phone allows people to do almost everything they can do with the computer. Nowaday, people are living in a world ‘saturated by media sounds andRead MoreThe Weaknesses of Bureaucracies in Foreign Policy1786 Words   |  7 PagesThe weaknesses of bureaucracies in foreign policy Though bureaucracies offer plenty of advantages for foreign policy making, they still have various weaknesses that undermine the process. Firstly, bureaucracies always base their work on standard operation procedures or SOPs as the important factor for the process of decision making. Since the bureaucrat tasks based on SOPs, as the formal rule, are considered to be efficient. Though, SOPs can be changed when they are faced with serious problemsRead MoreThe President Of The Cold War Essay834 Words   |  4 Pageshad no experience about foreign policy, he believed that communism is the most important enemy and it must be destroyed. He thought that he should empower military and increase military arsenal to defeat Soviet Russia. In his opinion, the US should increase its military investment. Therefore, Soviet Russia would have to surrender and accept disarmament. His foreign policy was idealistic and instinctive unilateralism but it was pragmatic too. On the other hand, his policies about Middle East was unclearRead MoreRole Of Local Media On Public Diplomacy1705 Words   |  7 Pageslocal media in promoting Public Diplomacy of China in Zanzibar. The chapter also gives research Questions and significance of the study and research methodology. 1.1.1 Background and Problem Statement In every society in this world, media plays a very important role as sources of information on what is occurring not only within the local community but also in international in the formation of public opinion and have been recognized as constitutive of social reality in modern society . Media thusRead MoreThe Impact Of Exceptionalism On The United States944 Words   |  4 PagesRestad (2012) particularly discuss American exceptionalism’s influence over U.S. foreign policy: how enormously U.S. foreign policy and policy-makings have been affected by the exceptionalist thoughts, which have been â€Å"powerful, persistent, and popular†¦throughout American history† among its public (Restad, 2012, p.55). Hoffmann (2005, p.225) states that the U.S. has been the only county to attempt â€Å"to develop foreign policies that reï ¬â€šect such exceptionalism†, while other countries â€Å"have tended, or beenRead MoreThe Cnn Effect : An Exploration Of How The Intern ational Media1732 Words   |  7 Pages THE ‘CNN EFFECT’: AN EXPLORATION OF HOW THE INTERNATIONAL MEDIA ‘DRAGGED’ AMERICA TO SOMALIA POST 1991 BACKGROUND Mass communication is the process which public messages are transmitted and are directed at large audiences with different values not found at a particular place but in different places. In the media arena globalisation refers to worldwide distribution of the same programme content and the distribution of special interest information that is aimed at a globally dispersed minority audienceRead MoreAmerican Civil Society On The Iranian Nuclear Deal1086 Words   |  5 Pagespopulation has had very little impact on foreign policy. As Almond asserts, the American population has typically viewed politics as a phenomenon that ends at the water’s edge, and has consequently participated only minimally in debates over foreign affairs. Noting that discussions of foreign policy have not historically been prominent within American civil society and that the parties have not truly sought to socialize voters on the basis of foreign policy-derived cleavages, Almond is thus pointingRead MoreEvolution of ICT1384 Words   |  6 Pagesconducting the information warfare over electronic mass media. Civilians also tend to be the target of this new form of warfare at all levels whe ther virtual or psychological. The integration of civilian and military technologies in recent decades and expansion of virtual battlefield to include human perception threats has increased civilian involvement in conflicts. The nature and scale of future conflicts will change, resulting in security policies to include safe guarding of civilian infrastructureRead More Communication Technology and Canadian Identity Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesthe structure of Canada’s mass media industry. First I will discuss in general basic information about the Internet being a very strong communication tool and then discuss communication technology in the Canadian context. As well, identify the cultural bonding aspects of communication in Canada such as the overcoming of geography, and the bilingual access to media. Canada is a vast country with a strong multiculturalism policy, many distinct regions, and heavy foreign influence. The size of Canada

American Express Diversity Free Essays

American Express continues to be the one biggest company for selling financial products and is one of the most stable. Established in 1850 in New York, American Express Company was among the first and most successful express delivery businesses to arise during the rapid westward expansion of the United States (American Express Website, 2008). With over 150 years of experience in handling the business, the company is continually eyeing global expansion and international growth. We will write a custom essay sample on American Express Diversity or any similar topic only for you Order Now The company employs a large number of employees from across Asia and Northern America. That includes different nationalities, cultures, with different ideologies, sects and religion. This shows how diverse American Express is. Diversity is generally defined as acknowledging, understanding, accepting, valuing, and celebrating differences among people with respect to age, class, ethnicity, gender, physical and mental ability, race, sexual orientation, spiritual practice, and public assistance status (Green, et. al, 2002). Now, how does American Express manages this kind of corporate setup? This is where leaders emerge. The company trains potential leaders through series of leadership enhancing courses with its goals, objectives and target outputs and film showing about the importance of working in a team. But first, leaders are asked on their knowledge of every individual employee’s human and cultural diversity. A Leader should be a motivational one, the kind who could open employees mind to working towards diversity. One must also show the big picture of its importance to the growth of the company and who will reap its benefits. Every conflict of ideas or differences must be resolved immediately through the ombudsmen department. All of these are needed to create synergies to maximize profit. American Express has created the Global Diversity and Inclusion. This will bridge the gap rooting from the immediate conflict on a local are to escalate into a network scene and the identification of diversity related arguments. All are monitored from the smallest department. Launching sports festivities and lunch and learn activities are effective ways of interacting all employees. Employees are allowed to express their opinions in the company. The workplace operates with respect for each other. The knowledge that leaders get from training modules are translated to the employees. The management sees to it that diversity is always practiced in the company. All are treated equally and if not, immediate actions are imposed. Although, discrimination still exists, all are advised to take it away. All opinions will be heard. Hispanics, Asians, Blacks, Muslims and employees of other religion work for the company. They may have their groups according to their faith, but all are working towards the corporate goals. Differences on faith are strongly respected. This shows how diverse the working place is. The company strives hard in leveraging these cultural gaps. Employees are all given equal opportunities as to be promoted or as to climb the corporate ladder. No one is given preferential treatment based on their ethnicity or color. This has been the most important practice of the company to promote diversity. Anyone who noticed that such wrongdoings can file complaints in the ombudsman department or any complaint centers. The importance of diversity reflects the company’s success. The operations in other countries are stronger for local employees talk to customers in their national language and know how to relate to them. This help the company expand faster and grow stronger. This also strengthens one of American Express corporate values, TEAMWORK, we work together, across boundaries, to meet the needs of our customers and to help the company win (American Express Website, 2008). References: American Express Website. (2008). Becoming American Express: 150+ Years of Reinvention and Customer Service. Retrieved, October 5, 2008, from http://home3. americanexpress. com/corp/os/history. asp Green, Kelli A, Mayra Lopez, Allen Wysocki, and Karl Kepner. (July, 2002). Diversity in the Workplace: Benefits, Challenges, and the Required Managerial Tools. Retrieved, October 5, 2008, from http://edis. ifas. ufl. edu/HR022 American Express Website. (2008). Our Values, Teamwork. Retrieved, October 5, 2008, from http://home3. americanexpress. com/corp/os/values. asp How to cite American Express Diversity, Papers

Essay-Whole Articles On Methodology

Question: Describe about Methodology and also explain:3.1 Introduction 3.2 Philosophical Considerations 3.2.1 Quantitative Research 3.2.2 Qualitative Research 3.2.3 Difference between qualitative research and Quantitative research 3.3 Methodological Appropriateness 3.3.1 Research Philosophy 3.3.1.1 Positivism 3.3.1.2 Realism 3.3.1.3 Interpretivism 3.3.2.1 Deductive Approaches 3.3.2.2 Inductive Approaches 3.3.3.1 Experimental Research 3.3.3.2 Survey Research 3.3.3.3. Case Study 3.3.3.4 Action Research 3.3.3.5 Grounded Theory 3.3.3.6 Ethnography 3.3.3.7 Archival Research 3.3.6 Data Collection and Analysis 3.4 Method and Techniques 3.4.2 Research Participants 3.4.3 Measuring Instrument Answer: 3.1 Introduction In order to keep customers loyal to the firms, they adopt various loyal schemes. The increased competition has led the firms to come up with new techniques and methods to keep customers loyal to a firm. In this chapter, the methodology has been introduced in three parts. The Methodology comprises of the methods and the techniques that are followed and adopted to understand the loyalty programs which are conducted for the customers. The first part of the chapter introduces the philosophical considerations with the help of the quantitative and qualitative research methods. The research onion is used in the second part of the Chapter 3 to explain the approach, strategy, philosophy, choice and sampling methods/techniques. The third part of the Chapter has been named as Methods and Techniques. A pilot test has been introduced in the first part of Methods and Techniques. The effectiveness and the authenticity is verified with the help of a pilot test. Once the pilot test will be over, the research participants will be introduced with the help of some numerical. This would help the readers understand the participants better. Next, the measuring instrument will be introduced. The last step in the Method and Technique part is the introduction of Research Procedure (Gregg, 2001). Lastly few tools will be introduced which will be used in the SPSS software. 3.2 Philosophical Considerations An integral part of data collection, data interpretation and data analysis is Research Philosophy. There are two kinds of Research tools. They are Quality Research and Quantity Research. In this part of Philosophical Consideration, the difference between quantity research and quantity research is discussed. 3.2.1 Quantitative Research Quantitative research can be explained as a method of research which is used to explain a phenomenon with the help of collection of numerical data which are analyzed with the help of Statistics or Mathematical based methods. It should be kept in mind that the most important part in quantitative research is explaining a phenomenon which is done by collecting numerical data and expressed with the help of Statistics. The numerical data that is collected is quantitative and authentic. This research can also be explained as a questionnaire with questions whose answers can be selected from a list of given possible responses by the respondents. Generally, in this approach rating and ranking questions are given. Rating questions can help understand the feelings of the respondents while ranking questions can analyze the preferences or choices of the respondents. This approach can be computerized, postal or telephonic (Hagan, 1995). Computerized approach can happen face to face using laptop or hand held computers. Since this research is represented in numerical data, the size of the sample is very significant in terms of the quantitative research. In general, in this approach the minimum number of responses in 30, but more valid data can be obtained in case of larger sample size. The findings of this approach can be represented with the help of graphs or tables. 3.2.2 Qualitative Research Qualitative Research can be explained as a method of research which collects verbal data. The data that is collected then is analyzed. Mostly with the help of this research, issues are explored and phenomenons are understood and then the questions are understood. Like quantitative research, qualitative research does not collect numerical data rather it collects information verbally. The data or the information is collected by observing the behavior of the people. This research gives us subjective and comprehensive data. Also with this research, in depth information or data can be obtained. 3.2.3 Qualitative research VS Quantitative research The differential points between the two researches are as follows: In general, we can say that qualitative research gives us data which is non-numeric while quantitative research gives us data which is numeric. The following table explains the points of differences between the two researches: Quantitative Qualitative 1. This research aims at providing mathematical figures through which the topic is explained. 1. This research aims at providing detailed description of the topic of the research. This kind of research more complete and comprehensive view of the topic. 2. In this type of Research, the description of the topic is focused and conclusive. 2. In this type of Research, the description of the topic is broader and exploratory. 3. As the latter stages approach, researcher should adopt the quantitative research. 3. This research is suitable for earlier stages of the research. 4. In this kind of Research, the measuring instruments are questionnaires and surveys. Through these tools, the data can be measured mathematically. 4. In this type of Research, the measuring instruments are detailed information, documentary analysis, structured and non structured interviews. 5. The data which is collected are in the form of tables comprised of data in the form of mathematical numbers. 5. The data which is collected are figures in the form of graphs. 6. This research is objective in nature. This research deals with focused information and analyzes the information. 6. In this research, the researcher tries to understand the behavior of the human beings. So it is more subjective in nature. 3.3 Methodological Appropriateness The research methodology comprises of four main parts. They are as design, sampling, accumulation of data and study of data. Researchs methodology has been discussed in this Chapter 3. The research onion has been developed by Saunders, Lewis Thornhill (2007) which has been used in this research. This Chapter will give a detailed description of the approach, choice, time horizon, sampling methods and techniques, analysis of the collection of the data which has been adopted by the researcher (Seidman, 2012). In order to carry on the research smoothly, it is vital to choose the correct research methodology. Your research will help you understand which methodology you would select. For example: if you want to measure the variables you should collect the quantitative data. On the other hand, when you want to understand some meanings, you will always go for a qualitative research. Sometimes using both quantitative and qualitative approach is recommended. In depth interviews are carried on as a part of qualitative research while questionnaires are distributed or surveys are conducted as a part of quantitative research. Figure2: The Research Onion Source: Saunders et al. (2006) cited in Saunders et al. (2007) 3.3.1 Philosophy of Research A significant part of Methodology of Research is philosophy of Research. The Research Methods and philosophies are a part of Research Philosophy. The Research Methods, techniques, philosophies enable the researcher to understand the topic of the research better. The researcher picks up a method in such a way taking into account of many factors like budget constraints or time constraints. Use of right philosophy helps the researcher to get rid of factors like time or budget constraints from their research. According to Mcnabb, there are three different philosophies like Positivism, interpretivism, and realism. 3.3.1.1 Positivism This philosophy involves highly structured methodology. Through this philosophy, quantifiable observations are possible. The results of the observations are evaluated with the help of Statistics. The use of this philosophy is mostly found in Natural Science. Being objective in nature, this is one of the critical philosophies in the Research Philosophy. The different Philosophy of natural science, laws of the universe and everything that happens in our nature are found in this philosophy of Positivism. Through a general source, the researcher can use the positivism philosophy and can collect all figures and facts. Saunders says that the researcher plays the most important role in this research (Bradbury, 1999). The researcher is often seen as playing a role of an objective analyst in this research. The researcher gathers information and analyzes the same information. Finally he evaluates and finds a proper result which helps him in achieving the objectives or goals of the research. 3.3.1.2 Realism Based on the interdependency of values, ideas, and beliefs of human beings, this research is also considered as a significant form of research methodology. There are many values and beliefs of humans which exist in the environment. According to the Realism Theory, the external reality inspires the nature and behavior of human beings. In this research, the human beings are not considered to be the objects. In this research, we can see the reaction of a human being towards a real situation. 3.3.1.3 Interpretivism The social and the business world of management are too complicated according to the Interpretivism Research. Hence it is difficult to formulate laws or theories which are done in Natural Science. The critical thinking about the Positivism Research is part of Interpretivism Research. A simple fact may have many truths and it is suitable for all kind of research problem and all kinds of situations. With the help of this Research, the final result from the gathered information can be obtained very effectively. This research philosophy involves interaction of the researcher with the environment. According to this research, there are various factors (like different living standards of the individuals, cultural and social differences in the environment, personality) that affect an individuals nature. 3.3.1.4 Application of the Philosophy For this research, argues that usually a combination of positivism and interpretivism are generally used in the management of business research. However, the research philosophy varies according to research question. This research focuses on impact of sales promotions on impulse purchases. Various authors have discussed the phenomenon that happens and the researcher is trying to explore the consumer behaviour on impulse purchase. The philosophy that is used in this research is realism. For this the researcher uses acceptable knowledge in the field of impulse purchase and consumer behaviour to understand the impact of sales promotion on impulse purchase and consumer loyalty. The researcher collects and analyses data using acceptable knowledge, so the research is more inclined towards realism. 3.3.2 Approaches Research approach is the next level in this process. The research approach is determined by the design of the research plan. This research uses the deductive approach, as we are required to develop a theory and set a hypothesis. Deductive approach help set up cause-effect connects to given variable without considering the individual understanding. Hence in this study, researcher was independent of what is being observed. (Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2003) States that all research work involves theories and suggests the clarity of researchers theory at the beginning of the research may notify the process of research occupied in the research design. Two types of research approaches have been suggested by them, 1) Inductive approach and 2) Deductive approach. 3.3.2.1 Deductive Approaches Developing a hypothesis or hypotheses based on the existing theory is known as Deductive approach. After developing the hypothesis, now in order to test it, a strategy of research is set. Deducting conclusions from propositions is known as Deductive approach. When an expected pattern is followed and it is tested against observations is known as deduction. When reasoning is done from a particular level to a general level, it is known as deduction. In a deductive approach, the researcher deducts a hypothesis that needs to be verified. Once the hypothesis is formulated, through a definite methodology it has to be tested whether the hypothesis is incorrect or correct. The same can be explained with the help of a diagram which is as under: The deductive approach tests a given theory and finds out whether the theory is appropriate or not in a given situation. This approach uses a reasoning path and formulates a new hypothesis. Then the hypothesis is tested and the end result is either a confirmation or a rejection. 3.3.2.2 Inductive Approaches This approach begins with a topic and with the progression of research; the researcher starts identifying preliminary relationships. This research starts with observations and as the research comes to an end theories or laws are formulated. At the beginning of the research, the researcher starts it with no theories. The research can alter the direction of the research once the research had started and is in progression. 3.3.2.3 Application of the Approaches The researcher has chosen the deductive approach over the inductive approach for this research. In deductive approach for this research, an initial stage presents a general hypothesis. This initial stage contains secondary data mentioned by various authors. This hypothesis is then tested using the data collection methods to answer the objectives. 3.3.3 Strategies The most feasible solution for this dissertation is the survey method. The survey method is connected with deductive approach. Deductive approach lets the gathering of a great quantity of data from considerable population in extremely inexpensive way. Utilising the questionnaire, data can be standardised allowing easy compilation. It is also a cheap option for the researcher. The survey plan also allows gathering quantitative data, which can be analysed using expressive tactics. The survey strategy utilises the creation of data collection method to make sure a good feedback rate. 3.3.3.1 Experimental Research This method is a systematic method of carrying out a research. When one or more variables are manipulated by the researcher, the Experimental Research can be carried out. The use of controlled testing is often done by the researcher. There are some situations when the experimental research is used. They are as follows: There is a time priority factor in a relationship. A consistent effect is found in a casual relationship. The experimental research is same as a true experiment. 3.3.3.2 Survey Research When we try to analyze feelings, beliefs, and thoughts we often use Survey Research. The Research which takes place with the help of survey plays an important role in measurement. Research based on a survey involves asking questions to the respondents. A survey can take place on a feedback form and it can also involve a detailed interview of the respondent. There are different kinds of surveys. Surveys can be in the form of questionnaire or interviews. 3.3.3.3. Case Study It is another method of analysis. This method involves detailed and close examination of the topic of the research. It is very difficult to define a case study with a single definition as there is no single definition of it but they have a very important place in various professions like education, social work, sociology, anthropology, psychology and political science. The case that is studied can be an event, organization, event that exists at a particular time and in a particular place. It can also be a in-depth study of an individual. 3.3.3.4 Action Research In order to help the researcher in improving his actions, this research is conducted. It is either a way to solve an immediate problem or a way to find better ways to address problems and solve them. 3.3.3.5 Grounded Theory This theory is a general theory. This theory helps you to guide on the factors like collection of data. Often regarded as a qualitative theory but it is a general method. 3.3.3.6 Ethnography The research which is used to conduct the systematic study of people and culture it is known as Ethnography. The study helps the researcher to find the cultural aspect from the viewpoint of the topic of the research (Reason, 1994). 3.3.3.7 Archival Research This type of research extracts evidence from the old archival records. This is a primary research which is found to be more complicated and time taking research. 3.3.3.8 Application of the Strategies In the case of this dissertation, the researcher plans to distribute questionnaire among the customers and thus do the survey for this dissertation. The researcher that adds to the cheapness of the survey will hand this out. The researcher is also planning to do two mini focus group interviews among the customers. Looking at all these options, the researcher feels that conducting a survey will be the best way to collect data for this research. 3.3.4 Choices Two primary methods of data collection are there (Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2003). The methods are 1) quantitative data collection and 2) qualitative data collection. First method is used in research would be usually without numerical data. Example: Pictures or graphic clips. Second method is used in data would be numerical data having of statistical analysis. Both the methods can be used by the researcher at a time (Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2003). If such approach is used then it is called as mixed method. Both these could be done at the same time or one after the other, but the methods cannot be combined. The weakness of both quantitative and qualitative methods can be overcome by using both the methods. If we use mixed methods, different methods like interview and questionnaire can be used for the study. A more comprehensive evidence for researching can be achieved than using just one method. 3.3.4.1 Application of the Choice In the context of this research, the researcher used a combination of both quantitative and qualitative data techniques to find the data. The quantitative data is analysed with the help of questionnaires and the qualitative data is analysed with the help of interviews. The attitudes and impulse buying behaviour and perception of customers can be studied using the questionnaire surveys. For the qualitative data analysis, two mini focus groups consisting of three members each will be conducted by the researcher. The researcher will use the respondents observation and researchers observation to conclude his findings. In short, the researcher uses mixed method of data analysis to generalise the findings. 3.3.5 Time Horizons Time horizons are required for the designing of research and to be independent of the research method employed (Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2003). Two types of time horizons are there 1) Longitudinal and 2) Cross- Sectional. The studies of first type are repeated over a long period while on the other hand, second type is restricted to a short amount of time. Hence this research is bounded to a short amount of time; the researcher must use the Cross-Sectional time horizon. 3.3.5.1 Application of the Time Horizons When development or change happens over a long time, longitudinal research is taken on. Some limitations exist in adopting such study when there is restriction of time. Researcher tries to discover the connection between environment in an organization and its effect on behaviours (Lieberman, 1993). The aim that was adopted was to discover the connection at the current time. 3.3.6 Data Collection and Analysis A questionnaire is often used to collect data. Through different methods like interviews, surveys, observations data is collected. Once the data or information is collected, the data is analyzed with the help of various kinds of research methods. 3.3.6.1 Data Collection As mentioned in his studies (Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2003) that questionnaire is the mainly used tool to collect data in surveys. Hence, this study is as well uses a questionnaire consisting of three parts. The first segment of the questionnaire is demographic one assessing customers gender, age, profession and the purpose of their visit. The second segment made up of general questions like ease of access ofthe Hotel and the base to choose it. The third segment is connected to the customers satisfaction, which consists of 12 questions. These questions are based on file likert scale ranging from, 1) strongly disagree 2) slightly disagree 3) disagree 4) neutral 5) slightly agree 6) agree and 7) strongly agree. This segment assesses the insights of customers about the quality of the Hotel in relation with amenities. 3.3.6.2 Analysis of Data A computer software package known as Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) is used to prepare results and analysis of the collected data, which can be found in next chapter. This was done in order to make the analysis as empirical and universally interpretable as possible. The analysis has been done to revolve around the hypotheses of the study, whereby the researcher seeks to test the validity or otherwise of the hypothesis. After the statistical analysis, the researcher goes a step further to relate the primary research findings with secondary research in a discussion that is done by the use of literature. This was done in order to ensure that the newly created knowledge from the primary research could be fitted directly into existing knowledge in literature. This means that the researcher accepts the position that knowledge is a complex phenomenon, which should have many different dimensions that must fit together to form a perfect whole. The discussion of the data also e nsures that gaps that are identified in literature are bridged with new ideas from this study (Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2003). 3.3.6.3 Questionnaire Design Only one section of the survey procedure is represented by the questionnaire. Though, it is a very important part of the process. The data will not be provided by poorly written questionnaire that are necessary or will give data that are inaccurate. Emphasis should be sufficient to take out the necessary information from the respondents and should be on using the correct terminology (Lieberman, 1993). 3.4 Method and Techniques Data can be collected with the help of various kinds of methods and techniques like questionnaires, interviews or observations. 3.4.1 Pilot Test A pilot-test was then performed to test the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Due to the researcher choose the questionnaire which comes from Meyer and Allen (1990)s journal, but the researcher choose the Thai customer as the test object. It is necessary to test these questionnaires which can be understood by them. To do the pilot test, researcher has asked 5 Thai people to explain the questionnaire. After that, researcher has collected the test outcome and compares the similarity (Table 2). In the table 2, researcher lists the test outcome of the pilot test. Due to the researcher asked Thai people to the Pilot Test and the explain answer is in Thai (Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2003). Researcher chooses 12 questions from the whole questionnaire and though the pilot test, researcher find it is easy for Thai customers to understand these questions. Table 2 Pilot Test Outcomes 3.4.2 Research Participants A research participant is a human participant who takes part in the research. 3.4.3 Measuring Instrument A measuring instrument is a device which is used in order to understand the survey rating. 3.4.3.1 Scale Format Various surveys rate the excellence of the customers understanding on a likertscale which uses a seven-point system starting from very satisfied to very dissatisfy (Herington, 2007). The questionnaire focuses on the on the whole stay, emergence and condition of the hotel and other amenities provided in the hotel. 3.4.3.2 Research Procedure More or less 100 respondents should be selected from a population of all guests to Siam Kempinski Hotel. The volume of the sample has had to be made narrow because of less time, funds and available resources (Jupp, 2006). Probability sampling method will be the most suitable method for data gathering is what researcher found during this; hence there is no criterion for respondents except that they are Siam Kempinski guests. This procedure would make sure that a fair method is used to acquire respondents and also remove any bias. 3.5 Chapter Summary Detailed explanation of the research methodology, the instrument of data collection, triangulation of data, sample design and the techniques of data analysis method has been given in this chapter along with the rationale for the choices made by the researcher in studying the relevance of international branding as market entry strategy and its impact on the customers in the foreign markets. The researcher conducted a survey of the customers regarding their perceptions and perspectives about the issue. The information forthcoming from these customers enabled the researcher to study the problem quantitatively and qualitatively. The collected data was then analysed using the techniques relevant for the analysis of both quantitative data as well as the qualitative data in order to interpret the accumulated information. This study predominantly uses the primary data, although extensive section of the research is derived from the secondary data as well. This chapter has shown the research methodology process such as research philosophy, techniques and methods. The best available method was to conduct a survey and analysing the data using Likert Scale Technique. The respondents were visitors to the hotel staying at the Siam Kempinski Hotel. Although the responses of the customers may be biased as their opinion may be influenced by the service provided at that very moment, yet, this research gives a lot of exciting information concerning their insight of the service quality. References: 1. Biocca, F., Harms, C., Gregg, J. (2001, May). The networked minds measure of social presence: Pilot test of the factor structure and concurrent validity. In4th annual International Workshop on Presence, Philadelphia, PA. 2. Archbold, P. G., Stewart, B. J., Miller, L. L., Harvath, T. A., Greenlick, M. R., van Buren, L., ... Hagan, J. M. (1995). The PREP system of nursing interventions: A pilot test with families caring for older members.Research in nursing health,18(1), 3-16. 3. Seidman, I. (2012).Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the social sciences. Teachers college press. 4. Reason, P. E. (1994).Participation in human inquiry. Sage Publications, Inc. 5. Reason, P., Bradbury, H. (Eds.). (2013).The SAGE handbook of action research: Participative inquiry and practice. Sage. 6. Heron, J. (1996).Co-operative inquiry: Research into the human condition. Sage. 7. Sapsford, R., Jupp, V. (Eds.). (2006).Data collection and analysis. Sage. 8. Gallagher, M. (2009). Data collection and analysis.Researching with children and young people: Research design, methods and analysis, 65-127. 9. Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M. (1984). Drawing valid meaning from qualitative data: Toward a shared craft.Educational researcher, 20-30. 10. Rose, K. R., Ng, C. (2001). Inductive and deductive approaches to teaching compliments and compliment responses.Rose and Kasper, 145-170.

Ethical Theories Essay Example

Ethical Theories Essay Ethical Theories Business 670 Legal Environment August 10, 2010 The purpose of this paper is to discuss Ethical theories and their foundations from this week’s reading material. One is to describe the theories, discuss plus add one more that is not in the book. To understand l theories one needs to know understand that a theory is based on observation or testing, there is really no right or wrong answer to what a theory is. One does need to understand what is ethical? Ethical is basically the understanding of what one has learned throughout the years, the thought process of right or wrong. Sometimes we may feel that something is not ethical, but based on the facts and other details it is considered ethical. What is the meaning of Ethical being in accordance with the rules or standards for right conduct or practice, esp. the standards of a profession? One may not always agree what the company accepts as ethical, but in theory it has worked and will continue to work until one discovers another theory. Ethics is based on a set of moral and ethical values. These values must be absolute that is, you must take them seriously enough to override any human rationalization, weakness, ego, or personal faults. When all else fails, you will always look back to these core values to guide you. Unfortunately, life is not that easy and theres always disagreement about what values should reign supreme. What does Theory mean in philosophy, refers to contemplation or speculation, as opposed to action? Theory is especially often contrasted to practice (Greek praxis, a concept that in its original Aristotelian context referred to actions done for their own sake, but can also refer to technical actions instrumental to some other aim, such as the making of tools or houses. (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) In the reading of the chapters it talks about the four ethical theories that is discusses is the Rights theory, Justice Theory, Utilitarianism and Profit Maximization. Some of these theories focus on the results of our decisions or actions, do our decision produce the Right results? We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Theories specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Theories specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Theories specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Theories that focus on results of a decision are Teleological Ethical Theories, justifies layoffs for the benefit of the share holders. A Deontological theory may find unacceptable that any competent employee loses his job, even if the layoff’s effect is to reduce prices to consumers and increase profits. Rights theory encompasses a variety of ethical philosophies holding that certain human rights are fundamental and must be respected by other humans. The focus is on each individual member of society and her rights. As an actor, each of us faces a moral compulsion not to harm the fundamental rights of others. Justice theory is the philosophical underpinning for the bureaucratic welfare state. Rawls reasoned that it was right for governments to redistribute wealth in order to help the poor and disadvantaged. He argued for a just distribution of society’s resources by which a society’s benefits and burdens are allocated fairly among its members. Utilitarianism requires a decision maker to maximize utility for society as a whole. Maximizing utility means achieving the highest level of satisfactions over dissatisfactions. This means that a person must consider the benefits and costs of her actions to everyone in society. Profitmaximizationas an ethical theory requires a decision maker to maximize a business’s long-run profits within the limits of the law. Ethics CodesMany large corporations and several industries have adopted codes of ethics or codes of conduct to guide executives and other employees. The Sarbanes–Oxley Act requires a public company to disclose whether it has adopted a code of ethics for senior financial officers, Basically saying that the company code of ethics is in place and expects all employees to follow than and not question the Code of Ethics set forth. There are many theories that is not discussed in the book is this study compares the ethical decision-making processes of Turkish, Thai, and American businesspeople, considering Perceived Moral Intensity (PMI), Corporate Ethical Values (CEV), and perceived importance of ethics (PIE). PMI describes the ethical decision making at the individual level, CEV assesses the influences of the organizations ethical culture on the decisions of the individual, and PIE reveals what the businesspeople believe about the relationships among business, ethics, and long-run profitability, scientists in Istanbul, Turkey report. In summary these theories, accept the known theories as being acceptable, although some do not agree with them, it has become acceptable in some business ventures. Many business have adapted these theories although at times have changed theories depending on the country they are dealing with for the best possible solution and working relationship. In summary, is the really a right or wrong answer to Ethical Theory and what is acceptable in the business world, which is the best theory to use? Research says there really is no right or wrongs answer it is how one perceives the theory and what the business expect of one and their opinion. References: Mallor. Custom book for Ashford: BUS 670 Business Law. McGraw-Hill Primis Custom Publishing, 38503. 2010 AUG 14 (VerticalNews. com) Sim,  M.. (2010). Rethinking Virtue Ethics and Social Justice with Aristotle and Confucius. Asian Philosophy,  20(2),  195. Retrieved August 8, 2010, from ProQuest Religion. (Document ID:  2101270601). Ethical Values for Business Success By Mark S. Putnam From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | | |. |

Definition of Verb for Spanish Students

Definition of Verb for Spanish Students Verbs are used in Spanish much they same way as they are in English. However, there are some key differences, particularly that Spanish has numerous forms of each verb through a process known as conjugation, while English forms are typically limited to not more than a handful per verb. Definition of Verb A verb is a part of speech that expresses action, existence or mode of being. In both English and Spanish, a verb, to be used in forming a complete sentence, must be accompanied by a noun or pronoun (known as a subject). In Spanish, however, the subject can be implied rather than explicitly stated. So in Spanish as sentence as Canta (he or she sings) is complete while sings isnt. These sample sentences give examples of Spanish verbs performing each of these three functions. Expressing action: Los dos bailan el tango.  (The two  are dancing  the tango.) Los equipos viajaron a Bolivia. (The teams traveled to Bolivia.)Indicating an occurrence: Es lo que me pasa cada maà ±ana. (It is what happens to me every morning. Note in this Spanish sentence, there is no equivalent of it.) El huevo se convirtià ³ en un sà ­mbolo de la vida. (The egg became a symbol of life.)Indicating a mode of being or equivalence: No estoy en casa. (I am not at home.) El color de ojos es un rasgo genà ©tico. (Eye color is a genetic trait.) The Spanish word for verb is verbo. Differences Between Spanish and English Verbs The biggest difference between verbs in English and Spanish is the way they change to show who or what is performing the verbs action and the time the verbs action occurs. English, for example, when speaking of something the occurs in the In Spanish, however, there are six forms: como (I eat), comes (you, a person close to me, eats), come (he or she eats), comemos (we eat), comà ©s (more than one of you eat), and comen (they eat). In English, a -d or -ed can be added to most verbs to indicate that the action took place in the past. In Spanish, the ending depends on who did the action. Most verb tenses have five or six such forms. English is also freer with its use of auxiliary verbs than Spanish is. In English, for example, we can add will to indicate something will happen in the future, as in I will eat. But Spanish has its own future verb forms (such as comerà © for I will eat). Spanish also has auxiliary verbs, but they arent used as much as in English. Finally, Spanish makes extensive use of the subjunctive mood, a verb form used for actions that are desired or imagined rather than real. For example, we leave by itself is salimos, but in translating I hope we leave, we leave becomes salgamos. Subjunctive verbs exist in English but are fairly uncommon and are often optional where theyd be required in Spanish. Because many native English speakers are unfamiliar with the subjunctive, Spanish students in English-speaking areas typically do not learn much about the subjunctive until the second year of study.